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In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals, the cities of Tikal and Calakmul, became powerful. This period saw the Maya civilization develop many city-states linked by a complex trade network. Beginning around 250 AD, the Classic period is largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates. In the Late Preclassic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin, and the city of Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands. Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC. The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture, including large temples with elaborate stucco façades. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The Archaic period, before 2000 BC, saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages. Today, their descendants, known collectively as the Maya, number well over 6 million individuals, speak more than twenty-eight surviving Mayan languages, and reside in nearly the same area as their ancestors. It includes the northern lowlands of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands of the Sierra Madre, the Mexican state of Chiapas, southern Guatemala, El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain. The Maya civilization developed in the Maya Region, an area that today comprises southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. It is also noted for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.

Its Maya script is the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in the pre-Columbian Americas. CC BY-SA 3.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.The Maya civilization ( / ˈ m aɪ ə/) of the Mesoamerican people is known by its ancient temples and glyphs.

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